SEMINAR NASIONAL KAMERA 2019

BUDAYA LITERASI MEDIA DIGITAL 
PADA IBU-IBU RUMAH TANGGA

Dewi Novianti1, Siti Fatonah2
1, 2UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
Fisip UPNVY Jl. Babarsari No 2, Sleman, Yogyakarta
1No. 08157904082, 20816684868,
dewinoviantiupn916@gmail.com,2ona-cahya@yahoo.co.id,
Naskah diterima tanggal ..., direvisi tanggal ..., disetujui tanggal ...

DIGITAL MEDIA LITERATION CULTURE IN HOUSEWIFE
Abstract 
Media literacy in the digital era has become important. Various layers of society need to understand the importance of digital media literacy. Research subjects were housewives in the Sleman area of ​​Yogyakarta. Research subjects so far have not understood how to intelligently consume media. Media content worries that most of them are negative which can anesthetize the audience. The biggest content from media is entertainment. The media prioritizes entertainment programs that pay less attention to the ethics and norms of society. They don't care about the negative impact of the content displayed. Thus it is necessary to cultivate the media literacy movement for housewives. The method used is content analysis, literature study, in-depth interviews, observation, and FGD. The results of the study show that housewives after being given training, socialization, and FGD on digital media literacy became aware of the importance of digital media literacy. Then they continuously convey to the family and the environment where they are. On several occasions PKK meetings, Qur’an recitation group, they socialized the importance of digital media literacy. Finally, this digital media literacy becomes a culture especially in Maguwoharjo Village, Sleman regency, Yogyakarta. This village is a pilot village of digital media literacy culture for the surrounding environment, especially the Sleman Regency Yogyakarta. 

Keywords: digital media literacy, media content, media literacy culture

Abstrak 
Literasi media di era digital saat ini menjadi aspek penting. Berbagai lapisan masyarakat perlu memahami arti penting literasi media digital. Subyek penelitian adalah ibu-ibu rumah tangga di daerah Sleman Yogyakarta. Subyek penelitian selama ini belum paham bagaimana cara cerdas mengonsumsi media. Konten-konten media mengkhawatirkan yang sebagian besar bersifat negatif yang dapat membius khalayak. Muatan konten terbesar dari media adalah hiburan. Media lebih mengedepankan program hiburan yang kurang memperhatikan etika dan  norma masyarakat. Mereka tidak peduli dampak negatif konten yang ditampilkan tersebut. Dengan demikian perlu membudayakan gerakan literasi media bagi Ibu-Ibu Rumah Tangga. Metode yang digunakan adalah content analysis, studi pustaka, wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan FGD. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ibu-ibu rumah tangga setelah diberikan pelatihan, sosialisasi, serta FGD tentang literasi media digital menjadi paham arti penting literasi media digital. Kemudian mereka secara kontinyu menyampaikan kepada keluarga dan lingkungan di mana mereka berada. Pada beberapa kesempatan pertemuan-pertemuan PKK, Kelompok Pengajian Qur’an, mereka menyosialisasikan pentingnya literasi media digital. Akhirnya literasi media digital ini menjadi sebuah budaya khususnya di Desa Maguwoharjo, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta. Desa ini menjadi desa percontohan budaya melek media digital bagi lingkungan sekitarnya, khususnya kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta.  

Kata kunci : literasi media digital , konten media, budaya melek media

Introduction
In the digital age, the development of technology is increasingly sophisticated, where digital media offers a variety of interesting information that makes users like hypnotized. Digital media is becoming a new culture. All ages can enjoy digital media information and entertainment. Starting from the news of politics, sports, economics, social, culture, education, to various entertainment. The entertainment function in digital media is the most preferred function than other functions such as information and education.
If you look at the beginning of the emergence of the media in truth the goal is noble, providing information, news, and education. But when the media content is increasingly widespread and diverse, the media begins to become a boomerang for the audience. Media as a source of information for audiences is no longer fully available as an accurate source of information. The most dominating entertainment content from other types of media content. What's with this entertainment content? if it is normal and reasonable, it might not be a problem. Entertainment content is very troubling because it does not educate and even poison the audience. Content that promotes entertainment programs that pay less attention to the ethics and norms of society. They do not care about the negative impact of the broadcast program shown. For example, exploitation of women, children, poverty, low humor, free lifestyle, online games, online soccer gambling, and so on. In addition to entertainment, the news content is troubling because there are many hoaxes popping up that cannot be justified and accuracy. The troubling impact of media content is on children because in terms of age they are young and emotionally relatively unstable. Children tend not to be able to filter which information is good and which is bad. As an example of a junior high school student who commits a crime because of being addicted to online games.
Online Game Addiction, Students of MTs Steal in the House of TNI Members
Tuesday, March 6, 2018 - 17:04
Addicted to online gaming, MSA (17), a resident of Kerinci Street, Pilang Subdistrict, Kademangan District, Probolinggo City, was determined to steal. In fact, one of the victims is a member of the TNI AL ... (WartaBromo, 2018).

A determined junior high school student commits a crime in order to satisfy his desire to play online games. The irony phenomenon is that the bad habit of consuming online games that make the audience addicted to being hypnotized cannot be avoided. The habit of consuming online games is culture. Bad culture arising from the habit of watching online games through digital media.
Departing from concerns about the impact of this media content, researchers are moved to conduct digital media literacy research. The targets are housewives. Why are housewives the subject of research? Because housewives are one of the elements of society that play the most dominant role in the family, especially in educating the sons and daughters of the nation. Housewives are a pillar or pillar of the family, so they need to have a good education especially in smart reading media (watching, listening, reading, studying, filtering media). This selectivity cannot arise without the existence of high awareness and concern from those who have been literate in the media to be able to socialize, awaken, and arrive at educating housewives. Media literacy can be a culture in the community. These housewives spend most of their time watching television programs and social media. No exception is housewives in the Sleman Regency area, DI Yogyakarta, especially Depok sub-district ("Sleman Regency Government» Blog Archive »Population," 2018). This research is a development of previous research, where previous research found a media literacy model for housewives, the study was conducted in Banguntapan Village, Bantul Regency. In this research, the researcher intends to implement the existing model for housewives in Maguwoharjo Village, Depok Subdistrict, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta to create digital media literacy agents and cadres who will eventually realize the "Digital Media Literacy Village" as a pilot project in Sleman Regency.

Conceptual Basis
Media Literacy
Information conveyed by the media makes people communicate with each other focusing on that information. In the long run, communication about the same object between people will build a certain community characterized by media ideology. In this sense, communication media plays a role in building a community. In addition, communication media can also present social reality. It does not build a community, but only shoots it (Tridiatno & Tridiatno, 2013).
Understanding media literacy or media literacy in a simple way is how audiences are able to choose or filter the contents of messages conveyed by the media. Audiences are able to distinguish which ones are considered important or good and which ones are considered bad. In this area, the audience has become increasingly intelligent, active and critical. Even the public does not just trust the message conveyed by the media. For this reason, education media is needed in the context of media literacy. Wirodono in Rejeki (2010) suggests three categories of audiences who are vulnerable to the bad influence of the media, namely children, adolescents, and mothers.
In children, that influence mainly lies in brain, emotional, social, and cognitive development. Intensity will influence the perception of what they watch. These concerns, for example, influence the display of violence on children who often imitate the form of spectacle. Besides that, sex and mystical shows were a concern for mothers.
In adolescents, soap opera shows with the theme of adolescents tend to exploit teenagers' lives from one side. This situation causes adolescents not to be able to learn the real reality.
For mothers, the bad influence of television is more on building consumptive behavior. They are potential advertising targets. These commodities are packaged in the form of soap operas, infotainment, culinary shows and so on (Wirodono, 2010).
Digital Media Literacy Model
The digital media literacy model begins with the activities of media literacy movements led by academics, digital media literacy researchers, the government (Communication and Information Technology), NGOs, observers of digital media literacy issues. These elements can jointly or independently conduct digital media literacy education and training or education. Dissemination and training are aimed at housewives who have been selected to have smartphones / mobile phones, are able to operate them in a simple manner, active in the surrounding environment such as Dasa Wisma management, Pendidikan kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK), Pengajian, and even working mothers. These mothers are directed to become media socialization agents in their environment. The housewives in the use of digital media not only arrive at the level of use (usage) but also to the level of understanding (understanding) and the level of production (creat). Furthermore, these mothers socialize digital media literacy in their environment. Mainly the socialization is aimed at their families, then at every opportunity a village activity or program meeting (Dasa Wisama, pokja, PKK) meeting, in places of worship (Masjid through pengajian), and in the environment where these mothers are located. These moving agents do not stop there, will continually give birth to new agents who continuously socialize digital media literacy. In the future, the village where media literacy is encouraged will become a model for media literacy villages. Other villages can participate in conducting a media movement by inviting agents from the pilot village. And so on in a chain that ultimately creates Indonesian literacy for digital media (Novianti & Fatonah, 2018).

Figure 1. Digital Media Literacy Model for Housewives
Source: (Novianti & Fatonah, 2018)

Media Literacy Culture
Today we are losing touch with local cultures and are moving into a completely media-based global cultural environment (Ibrahim and Akhmad, 2014). It is not a coincidence that our cultural respect for the older and the wisdom they hold has fallen in the media age (Baran & Davis, 2010). Media as a cultural industry is seen as a system of production, distribution and consumption of symbolic forms which increasingly require the mobilization of rare social resources both material and cultural (Ibrahim & Akhmad, 2014). The advertisements that exploit the female body a lot, soap operas sell dreams, anesthetized online game, social media content such as facebook, youtube, Instagram, tweeter, WhatsApp, line and so on that are so captivating that they can hypnotize the audience. They create a culture of dependence on the audience. Thus this bad culture must be anticipated with a culture of media literacy. Media literacy needs to be socialized continuously to the community until they truly realize how to consume media properly.

Research Methods
This research is a qualitative research Neuman (2000) mentions the existence of three perspectives in Social Sciences that will distinguish in research techniques, namely: Positive, interpretive and critical. Quantitative approaches are under a positivist perspective, while qualitative approaches are under interpretive/constructivist and critical perspectives (Neuman, 2000). This research was included in the category of social research constructivism.
The object in this study was to first map out the media literacy skills of mothers in the district environment. Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta. The second stage identifies the factors that influence digital media consumption. The third stage of the implementation of the media literacy model educates mothers in the district environment. Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta in interacting with the media.
The data source consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data in the form of in-depth interviews with Interview guide instruments, observation, and FGD. While secondary data in the form of content analysis and literature study. Content analysis in this study is used to obtain data in the form of types and content of media / relevant documents, such as digital media content: Whatsapp, Facebook, line, Instagram, and Youtube. Library search is also done to complete the data needed in the study. The analysis technique that will be used is inter-case analysis. In each case, it will be done using an interactive analysis model. In this analysis model, the three components of analysis are: data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions on verification, carried out in an interactive form with the process of collecting data as a cycle process (Sutopo, 2002). The validity of the data in this study uses source triangulation and methods.

Discussion
Housewives are a pillar of the family. The pillars of this household must be sturdy. Thus households will become stable and able to give birth to a strong and successful generation. The challenge of the current millennial generation is the strong influence of digital media that offers a variety of information. The negative impact is that the audience becomes addicted and hypnotized by it. Therefore, the culture of digital media literacy is very urgent, especially for housewives in educating their children.
The sources of this research were housewives in Maguwoharjo Village, Depok sub-district, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. The results of the research show that there are still many housewives in Maguwoharjo Village who do not yet understand the importance of digital media lithography. The researcher interviewed 20 (twenty) housewives in Maguwoharjo Village. The results of the interviews, all of the resource persons did not know what media literacy was. All research subjects were housewives from the lower middle class. These housewives are administrators and members of the Wanita Tani Group (KWT), administrators and members of the Dasa Wisma Maguwoharjo Village, Depok District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. Sleman Regency is located in a highland area with fertile land, allowing its inhabitants to farm ("Sleman Regency Government," 2018). In terms of education, the housewives are elementary school (SD), some only go to junior high school (SMP), some mothers are graduates of high school (SMA), and scholars. Following is the table of formal education for resource persons:
EDUCATION SCHOOL	Primary School	Junior high school	Senior high school	Diploma	S1	S2 – S3	TOTAL	
AMOUNT	2	8	8	0	2	0	20	
Table 1. Formal Education Resource Persons

Education affects the understanding of reading media information. Mothers who only graduate from elementary and junior high school find it difficult to understand media content, especially information or news through digital media. Even these mothers do not have social media, so they do not update the news, do not know the latest developments, and stutter technology. Mothers who already have a handphone or smartphone cannot track historically what content their children have seen. Their children are better able to use smartphones than these mothers. Not all mothers have a smartphone, so they get information from their children, or from other family members. There are those who have smartphones or cellphones for five years, there are three to four years, some have one to two years, some are not at all.
When do researchers ask how long does the average mother use a smartphone every day? The following table answers the resource person:
Duration	0 - 1 hour	1-2 hours	2-3 hours	3-4 hours	5 hours	Total
	
Amount	6 people	8 people	1 person	3 people	2 people	20
	
Table 2. Duration of using mobile phones in a day

These mothers use the HP duration range 1 to 2 hours a day at most. The table shows that the majority of mothers are still in the normal category of using mobile phones, although there are still those who use up to 5 hours a day. Next, the researcher asks the purpose of mothers using a cellphone or smartphone. Some answer to communicate, to find information, to entertain, and to seek knowledge. The most frequently used social media is whatshpp (WA), a few of these mothers use facebook and youtube. But unfortunately, in the family, there is no clear rule of using a cellphone. The mothers also do not know the negative impact of information shared through whatshapp, facebook, or other social media. As in One of the principles of communication is that communication is Irreversible. That is, in communication once we send a message, we cannot control the influence of the message for the public, let alone eliminate the effect of the message altogether (Litariani, 2010). The information that has been shared can monitor, it is not clear who has read and shared the information. The results showed that there were several mothers who received news hoaxes, then they shared the information with several whatshapp (WA) groups because they did not know the news turned out to be a hoax. Housewives find information about hoaxes, such as news, advertisements, prizes, and fraud. The researcher conducts a discussion (Focus Group discussion).
After the researchers mapped the literacy skills of the digital media of the housewives, the next step the researcher gave socialization and training on digital media literacy. Non-governmental organizations or non-government organizations that concentrate on media literacy help researchers to socialize and provide digital media literacy training to housewives in the village of Maguwogarjo.
When researchers conduct socialization and training, housewives are given an understanding of the importance of digital media literacy. The definition of literacy is basically the ability to read and write. Simple is the ability and knowledge of something. Literacy is not only for writing and reading, in the development of emerging political, health, culinary, banking, media, automotive literacy, and so on. Thus not only to know but to the ability of something. Literacy means being able to see. If we close our eyes to something, just like the media, we are able to see as far as we can see something. Likewise with digital, if we close our eyes, then we cannot use it properly. If we only consider digital media to be ordinary, then that means it has not experienced media literacy. Information and communication technology literacy, namely the ability of a person to act selectively in using information technology or digital, able to be critical, be able to evaluate and be able to respond, and be able to create alternative media to reduce dependence. Acting selectively is being able to weigh information obtained through the media, so read carefully beforehand not immediately disseminate. The audience is able to be critical, namely to question the information that has been obtained. We can evaluate the information obtained. We need media literacy so that we don't get mired. Literacy as a cultural defense, so that if our literacy is high, when we obtain the information it can control. Literacy processes that are continuous without limits.
Media literacy is not only a campaign to see the negative side of digital media. Not an attitude that denies or rejects, and does not aim to reject digital media. We are more selective about digital media and information. The generation of immigrants is the generation to birth in 1990. Digital generation is the millennium generation or Y. The generation of new immigrants is considered a difficulty, as belonging to an elite group, the media is only understood as a tool, most are stuttering technology, new media are considered a threat. For millennial generations as a convenience, new media belongs to everyone, the media is not only a tool but as a form of expression for their existence, capable of operating the media self-taught and instinct, the media can show their existence. How to learn children now in a fun way such as through games, reading resources are not only limited to books, at the same time in dealing with various problems because they have been trained, lateral thinking is not straight, learning while entertaining themselves, emphasizing broad knowledge, very open to views and opinions, while sharing knowledge with other parties, the learning process by sharing.
The message that needs to be conveyed to children when facing new media do not upload personal information, do not be accurate and complete because it will be a digital trail, do not be easily tempted by inducement like being asked to send photos in exchange for credit.
Question Maemunah, "what if our knowledge is not wise and has already uploaded information? how do you pull it out so something won't happen? "

First, we have to delete from our own account. But this does not automatically eliminate the server track record. Furthermore, if someone has saved the information and asked us, then we give understanding and straighten it out.
Listya, one of the NGO team, said, "I rarely open youtube and Instagram because it is wasteful, if it's important, I save it and then watch it if it's downloaded. The negative impact of the media, there are children who do not stop playing HP until the battery runs out. And until now his eyes are red and runny. "

During the discussion about the impact of the media, one of the participants, Ms. Dwi said "the impact of the media disturbs health, can make the head dizzy and disrupt eye health. Media can make red eyes, minus eyes because they stare at a large number of radiation screens. "

Ms. Nur (participant in socialization and training) continued the impact of the media "Wasteful of credit and children become lazy. 3.5-year-old small children like to play games as a result of being wasteful and lazy. Parents limit children from holding cellphones, limiting time to play cellphones.

The view of the media is not only in terms of its negative impact but also its positive impact. The media provides a lot of information about the lives of the people who choose and filter out which ones are useful which are not. Mothers not only become recipients of messages but can produce messages.
After carrying out socialization and training, the results of these mothers became understood and realized that they must be more careful in receiving and disseminating information through social media. They must cross check before spreading information. They must consider the impact of the information they spread through social media. These mothers are able to track the historical social media that their children have consumed. The housewives cultivate diligently reading books that are beneficial to their families.
The next step the researcher and the team monitored the development of media literacy of the housewives. As a result, they understand the importance of digital media literacy and implement it. They consciously conveyed the importance of digital media literacy to their families, the Dasa Wisma group, the Women Farmers Group, majelis ta'lim, and the environment around them. The housewives are agents of the digital media literacy movement in their environment. This activity continues to be carried out so that it becomes a digital media literacy culture within the Maguwoharjo Village, Depok Subdistrict, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. In the end, Maguwoharjo village became a pilot project in Sleman Regency as a Digital Media Literacy Village.
				
Figure 2. FGD, Socialization, and Digital Media Literacy Training
Source: Researcher's documentation

CONCLUSION
Literacy of digital media needs to be disseminated to all levels of society, including housewives. Mobile phones or smartphones have positive and negative impacts. The negative impact of the smartphone cannot be removed. But at least we can minimize the negative impact.
The positive impact of using HP is making it easier to get information, make it easier to see the outside world, increase knowledge, to facilitate communication, strengthen ties, help simplify work affairs, conduct business online, for entertainment, and can understand technology. While the negative impact of using HP is to make people lazy to work and lazy to learn, waste time, become wasteful, make stress, and can keep the Brotherhood away.
Today, many children are addicted to playing cellphones. Usually, they use cellphones to play games. There are also many effects felt by parents. Sometimes the child is difficult to stop playing, even those who get angry with their parents. Parents must be able to condition their children, where every parent must have their own way to deal with their children who are already addicted to using HP.
In using social media, we must be able to choose and sort. Today we as parents do not feel the sophistication of technology, but it is our children who live in this millennial era who feel what technology is. We must realize that what we share or spread is not only us who have. But other people can also have what we have shared.
The mothers of Maguwoharjo Village, Depok Subdistrict, Sleman Regency initiated a culture of media literacy in their environment. Housewives and participants in the Farmer Women Group are agents of digital media literacy renewal in their environment. In the future, it is expected that these mothers can pass on the culture of digital media literacy not only in their environment but also to other villages around Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta.

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